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[目的]扩展无氰镀银工艺的工作窗口，提升其镀液及镀层的综合性能是无氰镀银工艺研究的长期目标。[方法]采用循环伏安法(CV)和计时电流法(CA)，分析了不同温度下以碳酸银为主盐的无氰镀银体系中银的电沉积行为及其成核机理。通过铜库仑计法和远近阴极法研究了温度和电流密度对电流效率和镀液分散能力的影响，并考察了不同温度和电流密度下镀层的光泽度、白度、显微硬度和微观组织结构。[结果]碳酸银体系中银的电沉积过程不可逆，以连续成核为主，随温度升高而逐渐偏离该机制。推荐的电镀银工艺窗口为：温度25～35°C，电流密度1.0～3.0 A/dm2，温度和电流密度分别为(30±2)°C和(2.0±0.2) A/dm2时最佳。该体系的电流效率高于90%，分散能力为75%～100%，所得Ag镀层的整体性能较佳：显微硬度80～90 HV，光泽度200～400 GU，白度22～40 Wb，晶面择优取向为(111)，晶粒尺寸为34.0～46.0 nm，结构细致均匀。[结论]本文研究的碳酸银体系无氰镀银工艺展现出良好的稳定性和可重复性，能够满足工业化生产的需求，同时避免了传统氰化物镀银工艺的环境污染风险，可为绿色电镀技术的发展提供新的解决方案。
Abstract：[Objective] Expanding the operating window of cyanide-free silver electroplating and enhancing the overall performance of both bath and silver coating have long been the enduring goals in cyanide-free silver electroplating research. [Method] Cyclic voltammetry(CV) and chronoamperometry(CA) were employed to analyze the electrodeposition behavior and nucleation mechanism of silver in a cyanide-free silver bath using silver carbonate as the main salt at different temperatures. The effects of temperature and current density on the current efficiency and throwing power of bath were studied by copper coulometer method and near–far cathode method. Additionally, the glossiness, whiteness, microhardness, and microstructure of Ag coatings prepared at different temperatures and current densities were examined. [Result] The electrodeposition process of silver in silver carbonate bath was irreversible and dominated by progressive nucleation, with a gradual deviation from this mechanism as temperature increased. The recommended operating window for silver electroplating was as follows: temperature 25-35 °C, current density 1.0-3.0 A/dm2. It was best to electroplate at temperature of(30 ± 2) °C and current density of(2.0 ± 0.2) A/dm2. This bath achieved a current efficiency exceeding 90% and a throwing power of 75%-100%. The resulting silver coatings exhibited excellent comprehensive properties: microhardness 80-90 HV, glossiness 200-400 GU, whiteness 22-40 Wb, as well as fine and uniform structure with preferred crystallographic orientation of(111) and grain size of 34.0-46.0 nm. [Conclusion] The cyanide-free silver electroplating process using silver carbonate as main salt demonstrates good stability and reproducibility, meeting the requirements for industrial production. It also avoids the environmental pollution risk associated with traditional cyanide silver electroplating process, offering a new solution for the development of green electroplating technology.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.19289/j.1004-227x.2026.01.009
中图分类号:TQ153.16
引用信息:
[1]敖天近,曹俊斌,赵健伟.碳酸银体系无氰镀银的电沉积行为与工艺优化[J].电镀与涂饰,2026,45(01):67-78.DOI:10.19289/j.1004-227x.2026.01.009.
基金信息: