[目的]钢结构在严苛环境中易发生腐蚀，传统有机涂层与金属镀层存在耐久性差或环境污染等问题。本研究旨在开发一种高性能、环境友好的硅酸钾基无机防腐涂层，并通过复合改性策略解决其脆性大、长效防腐机制不明等问题。[方法]采用硅丙乳液对硅酸钾进行杂化改性以提升柔韧性，并分别构建以片状白云母/锌粉和球状硅酸锌/铝粉为核心的复合填料体系。系统评价了两种涂层的施工性能、力学性能(如附着力、硬度、耐冲击性等)、微观结构(借助X射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜和热重分析表征)及耐腐蚀性能(包括耐碱、耐酸、耐盐水及电化学测试)。[结果]锌-白云母改性硅酸钾复合涂层展现出更优的综合性能，其附着力和耐1 kg冲击性能分别为2.43 MPa和超过50 cm，显著优于铝-硅酸锌改性硅酸钾复合涂层(1.37 MPa,40 cm)。这归因于片状白云母定向排列形成的“砖-泥”结构增强了机械互锁与应力分散。微观结构分析证实，锌-白云母改性硅酸钾复合涂层具有更致密、有序的层状屏障，且热稳定性更高。电化学测试表明，两种涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中均具有极高的阻抗模值(>10¹⁰Ω·cm²)，但锌-白云母改性硅酸钾复合涂层凭借其优异的物理屏蔽与适度的阴极保护作用，展现出更均衡、持久的防护机制。[结论]硅丙乳液改性有效提升了硅酸钾涂层的耐冲击性，而片状白云母与锌粉的复合体系通过协同的物理屏蔽与界面增强效应，构筑了兼具卓越力学性能和长效耐腐蚀性能的防护涂层，为钢结构的高效、环保防护提供了有前景的技术解决方案。

[Objective] Steel structures are susceptible to corrosion in harsh environments, while traditional organic coatings and metal coatings suffer from poor durability or environmental pollution. This study aims to develop a high-performance and environmentally friendly potassium silicate-based inorganic anticorrosion coating, addressing issues such as high brittleness and unclear long-term protection mechanisms through a composite modification strategy. [Method] A silicone-acrylic emulsion was used to hybridize potassium silicate for improved flexibility. Two composite filler systems were constructed: one based on flaky muscovite/zinc powder and the other based on spherical zinc silicate/aluminum powder. The application performance, mechanical properties(including adhesion, hardness, and impact resistance), microstructure(characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis), and corrosion resistance(including alkali resistance, acid resistance, saline resistance, and electrochemical testing) of the two coatings were systematically evaluated. [Result] The Zn–muscovite modified potassium silicate composite coating demonstrated superior overall performance, with an adhesion strength of 2.43 MPa and impact resistance exceeding 50 cm under 1 kg load, significantly outperforming the Al–zinc silicate modified potassium silicate composite coating(1.37 MPa, 40 cm). This improvement is attributed to the “brick-and-mortar” structure formed by the oriented arrangement of flaky muscovite, which enhanced mechanical interlocking and stress dispersion. Microstructural analysis confirmed that the zinc–muscovite composite coating possessed a more compact, more ordered lamellar barrier, and higher thermal stability. Electrochemical tests revealed that both coatings exhibited extremely high impedance modulus(>10¹⁰ Ω·cm²) in 3.5% NaCl solution; however, the Zn–muscovite composite coating showed a more balanced and durable protection mechanism due to its superior physical barrier effect and moderate cathodic protection. [Conclusion] Silicone-acrylic emulsion modification effectively enhanced the impact resistance of potassium silicate coatings, while the composite system of flaky muscovite and zinc powder, through physical barrier and interface enhancement effects, constructs a protective coating with both excellent mechanical properties and long-term corrosion resistance. This provides a promising technical solution for efficient and environmentally friendly protection of steel structures.